不同浓度“生命素”对碧玉兰生长发育的影响

为探索研究喷施不同浓度的“生命素”对碧玉兰生长发育的影响,找出最有利于碧玉兰生长发育的“生命素”浓度,以碧玉兰为研究对象,研究了“生命素”在稀释400倍、600倍、800倍三种浓度叶面肥的施用条件下,利用Li-6400光合作用测定仪测定了碧玉兰的光合特征指标,包括净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度,并测定了它们的生理指标包括叶片中的N、P、K含量。结果表明:在400~800倍浓度叶面肥喷施条件下,碧玉兰光合特征指标差异显著,其中喷施600倍浓度“生命素”的碧玉兰光合特征指标相对较高,对N、P、K等营养元素吸收也相对较好,效果最为显著。     

A new species of Rosenscheldia (Dothideomycetes) from Brazil

A fungus forming black stromata with several immersed ascomata was found associated with living branches of Protium warmingianum (Burseraceae) in the Mata da Biologia, city of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The new species differs from all five species found on literature and is fully described, illustrated and compared with the other species described in the genus. This is the first species of Rosenscheldia found on burseraceae hosts in Brazil and the first species on the host genus Protium.     

巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾和斐济林业发展比较与分析

热带森林生态系统具有重要的生态系统服务功能和价值,然而人类社会发展正影响着其完整性和稳定性。以巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾和斐济为代表的太平洋岛国拥有丰富的热带森林资源,但森林资源的过度采伐和土地资源的不合理利用正在导致热带森林面积急剧减少。文中介绍了巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾和斐济这3个太平洋岛国的森林资源现状,着重分析和比较了这些国家的森林资源现状、林业管理体制、政策与机构,以及林业生产与贸易状况,以期为在“一带一路”倡议下我国开拓太平洋岛国地区国际市场提供重要信息支撑。     

热带高温地区碾压混凝土重力坝温控措施

为了研究在高温环境下浇筑大坝混凝土时,控制浇筑温度和通冷却水等常用温控措施的效果、探索适用于高温施工环境的温控措施,利用有限元法对某一位于热带高温地区的碾压混凝土重力坝进行了施工期和运行期的全过程温度场和温度应力场仿真计算,对比分析了不同冷却水水温和浇筑温度下的坝体温度场和温度应力场.计算结果表明,坝体温度应力受浇筑温度和冷却水水温影响较大,将坝体基础约束区的浇筑温度从25℃降低到23℃、冷却水水温从20℃降低到15℃时,坝体最高温度从36.9℃降低到了34.6℃、最大温度应力从1.64MPa降低到了1.40MPa,此结果满足该大坝温控防裂要求.由此可见,在高温地区建混凝土坝时,在相对较高的浇筑温度和冷却水水温的施工条件下,坝体的温度和温度应力可得到有效控制.研究成果对简化温控措施、缩短工期、减少投资有重要参考意义.     

Stem elongation in Pennisetum purpureum results from a fixed pattern of vegetative development potentially enhanced by the initiation of flowering

The characterization of stem elongation is of fundamental importance in C4 tropical grasses as it affects forage quality and determines optimal management practices. The objectives of this study were to analyse the determinants of stem elongation and leaf area production in shoots of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier (elephant grass) using unstressed isolated plants. Three experiments were conducted in Brazil during the spring, summer and autumn seasons. Regular measurements of leaf and pseudostem length were performed on the main and primary axes. Ten destructive measurements were also performed during each experiment to monitor apical meristem height, internode length and the number of initiated leaves. The onset of stem elongation occurred at the same vegetative stage (i.e., appearance of leaf 13) irrespective of the seasons and experiments. The first internode to elongate belonged to phytomer 8, and a constant lag of five phyllochrons was systematically observed between internode production and its rapid elongation period. Higher stem and internode elongation rates were observed during the reproductive phase (autumn) versus the vegetative phase (summer and spring group). Maximal internode length reached 8–10 cm in summer and spring and 20 cm in autumn, at approximately phytomers 12–13. A similar pattern was reported for all primary axes irrespective of the experiments, the position of the first internode to elongate descending regularly down the main axis. These results provide key elements to predict the onset of stem elongation in the field from simple measurements. They could contribute to improving crop models for perennial tropical C4 grasses.     

CO2 fertilization does not affect biomass production and nutritive value of a C4 tropical grass in short timeframe

Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) is a consequence of recent anthropogenic environmental changes, and few studies have evaluated its effects on tropical grasses used in Brazilian pastures, the main feed source for major part of ruminant livestock. This study evaluated forage production, chemical composition, in vitro total gas production and organic matter degradability of Brachiaria brizantha under contrasting CO₂ atmospheric conditions in a free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) facility. The forage plants were sown in each of the 12 octagonal rings of the FACE facility: six under ambient atmospheric CO₂ concentration of approximately 390 μmol/mol, hereafter referred to as control (CON) plots, and other six rings enriched with pure CO₂ flux to achieve a target CO₂ concentration of 550 μmol/mol, hereafter called elevated CO₂ (eCO₂) plots. Soil samples were collected to determine carbon and nitrogen concentrations. After seventy days of sowing, a standardization cutting was performed and then at regular intervals of 21 days the forage was harvested (ten harvest dates) and forwarded to laboratorial analyses. Forage above‐ground biomass production (dry matter (DM): 6,143 vs. 6,554 kg/ha), as well as morphological characteristics (leaves: 71% vs. 68%; stem: 28% vs. 31%), chemical composition (crude protein: 162.9 vs. 161.8; neutral detergent fibre: 663.8 vs. 664.3; acid detergent fibre: 369.5 vs. 381; lignin: 60.1 vs. 64.1 g/kg DM; total C: 45.9 vs. 45.9; total N: 2.8 vs. 2.8; total S: 0.2% vs. 0.2%), organic matter in vitro degradability (573.5 vs. 585.3 g/kg), methane (5.7 vs. 4.3 ml/g DM) and total gas (128.3 vs. 94.5 ml/g DM) production did not differ significantly between CON and eCO₂ treatments (p > .05). The results indicated that at least under short‐term enrichment, B. brizantha was not affected by eCO₂.     

我国热带作物多主棒孢种群多样性及致病力分化分析

多主棒孢（Corynespora cassiicola）是一种全球分布的重要植物病原真菌,寄主范围十分广泛。近年来,该病原菌侵染危害多种热带作物,并在局部地区大面积暴发流行,造成巨大的经济损失。本研究利用核糖体转录间隔区（Internal transcribed spacer, ITS）、翻译延伸因子（translation elongation factor 1 alpha, EF-1α）、β微管蛋白（β-Tubulin, TUB）,对来自橡胶树、木薯、番木瓜和瓜菜等多种热带作物的70株多主棒孢进行种群多样性分析。结果发现,利用最大似然法,在相似系数为0.97时可将供试菌株划分为两大遗传类群：类群Ⅰ为国内和一些国外橡胶树的多主棒孢;类群Ⅱ为其他寄主多主棒孢,遗传类群与寄主来源具有显著的相关性。致病力测定表明,多主棒孢种内致病力分化明显,类群Ⅰ的橡胶树多主棒孢仅能侵染橡胶树,不能侵染其他寄主,具有明显的寄主专化性,且不同地理来源的菌株致病力差异不显著。类群Ⅱ的多主棒孢在不同寄主间可以相互侵染,但菌株在致病力和发病症状上存在一定差异,表现出对其原寄主的高度致病力。多基因序列聚类分析与致病力分化分析结果具有较好的一致性,这为研究我国热带作物多主棒孢的种群结构、主要致病型以及为多主棒孢病害的发生、流行和防治提供了理论依据。     

热带植物基因组研究进展

基于全基因组测序结果,探讨了包括热带水果香蕉（Musa spp.）、龙眼（Dimocarpus longan）、番木瓜（Carica papaya）、菠萝（Ananas comosus）、椰子（Cocos nucifera）、榴莲（Durio zibethinus）,经济作物橡胶（Hevea brasiliensis）、木薯（Manihot esculenta）、枣椰（Phoenix dactylifera）、可可（Theobroma cacao）、油棕（Elaeis guineensis）、咖啡（Coffea canephora）以及药用植物铁皮石斛（Dendrobium officinale）在内的13种热带植物的全基因组测序的发展历程,并对热带植物基因组研究进行了概述。     

1822号“山竹”台风对广东省降雨侵蚀力的影响

[目的]探讨台风强降雨对降雨侵蚀力的影响,为土壤侵蚀的预测预防与治理提供一定的依据。[方法]利用2018年"山竹"台风登陆广东省带来的强降雨,以小时降雨侵蚀力模型为基础,计算"山竹"台风期间广东省降雨侵蚀力及时空分布。[结果]①广东省降雨侵蚀力与台风路径相关,在2018年9月15日粤东地区降雨侵蚀力最大,而16日与17日在粤西地区的降雨侵蚀最大;②山竹台风期间,广东省降雨侵蚀力呈现以阳春市为中心,向两侧降低,特别是在粤北和粤东地区的降雨侵蚀力最低;③降雨量大的站点,降雨侵蚀力也较大,但并不是一一对应的关系,雨强与降雨动能也是影响降雨侵蚀力的重要因素。[结论]台风带来的强降雨影响广东省15—17日降雨侵蚀力分布,台风移动路径决定降雨侵蚀力的大小。     

广西十万大山自然保护区外来植物的初步研究

十万大山地处北热带山地,有着丰富的生物多样性,但定居的外来种在不断增多,有的外来种成了入侵种,如飞机草等,给该自然保护区带来了严重威胁。通过实地调查以及查证文献,全面整理了十万大山国家级自然保护区的外来植物,并分析了外来种的类型、原产地、引种原因及引入途径,确认：①迄今为止共计99种（含亚种）外来植物,隶属于38科83属,其中菊科最多（10种）,占10．1％,其次为禾本科（6种）,占6．1％;②栽培种56种,逸生种20种,入侵种23种,分别占56．6％、20．2％和23．2％;③外来植物的原产地主要是热带美洲（有54种,占54．5％）,其次是印度（10种）、非洲（9种）和地中海地区（7种）;④人为有意引入有87种,占87．9％。最后对保护区内外来植物的危害预测和防治策略做了分析。